To evaluate my Assignment Click here.
Name:-Nirali
dungrani
SEM:-02
Roll no:-24
Year:-2017-2019
Enrollment
no:-2069108420180012
Paper:-8(cultural
studies)
Assignment
topic:-Postmodernism in cultural studies.
Email
id:-dungraninirali@gmail.com
Introduction:-
Ø Postmodernism is a reaction against
modernism. The term postmodernism use
for cultural studies, rejects the opposition between high or elite
cultural and law or mass culture.
Ø Postmodernism, especially in term of
its use for cultural studies, rejects the opposition between high or elite
culture.
Ø Major figures of high modernism who
radically redefined poetry and fiction included Virginia Woolf, James Joyce,
Ezra Pound, T.S.Eliot, Wallace Stevens, Marcel Proust, Franz Kafka and William
fallace.
Ø a late 20th-century style and concept
in the arts, architecture, and criticism, which represents a departure from
modernism and is characterized by the self-conscious use of earlier styles and
conventions, a mixing of different artistic styles and media, and a general
distrust of theories.
Ø Postmodernism is closely aligned with
cultural studies, and its focus on the modes by which certain culture artefacts
come to occupy higher status.
Ø Postmodernism borrows from modernism
disillusionment with the givens of society; a penchant for irony; the
self-conscious play either the work of art; fragmentation and ambiguity; and a
destructured,decentered,dehumanized sub-ject.but while modernism presented a
fragmented view of human history, this fragmentation was seen as a tragic.
Ø Postmodernism suggests the power
relations structure all social truths, approaches and even conceptions of
reality.
Ø Postmodernism prefers mini-narratives
of local events.
Ø Postmodernism is best compared to the
emergens of computer technology.
Characteristics of
Postmodernism:-
When listing the characteristics of postmodernism, it is
important to remember that postmodernists do not place their philosophy in a
defined box or category. Their beliefs and practices are personal rather than
being identifiable with a particular establishment or special interest group.
The following principles appear elemental to postmodernists:
Ø There is no absolute truth -
Postmodernists believe that the notion of truth is a contrived illusion,
misused by people and special interest groups to gain power over others.
Ø Truth and error are synonymous -
Facts, postmodernists claim, are too limiting to determine anything. Changing
erratically, what is fact today can be false tomorrow.
Ø Self-conceptualization and
rationalization - Traditional logic and objectivity are spurned by
postmodernists. Preferring to rely on opinions rather than embrace facts,
postmodernist spurn the scientific method.
Ø Traditional authority is false and
corrupt - Postmodernists speak out against the constraints of religious morals
and secular authority. They wage intellectual revolution to voice their
concerns about traditional establishment.
Ø Ownership - They claim that
collective ownership would most fairly administrate goods and services.
Ø Disillusionment with modernism -
Postmodernists rue the unfulfilled promises of science, technology, government,
and religion.
Ø Morality is personal - Believing
ethics to be relative, postmodernists subject morality to personal opinion.
They define morality as each person’s private code of ethics without the need
to follow traditional values and rules.
Ø Globalization – Many postmodernists
claim that national boundaries are a hindrance to human communication.
Nationalism, they believe, causes wars. Therefore, postmodernists often propose
internationalism and uniting separate countries.
Ø All religions are valid - Valuing
inclusive faiths, postmodernists gravitate towards New Age religion. They
denounce the exclusive claims of Jesus Christ as being the only way to God.
Ø Liberal ethics - Postmodernists defend
the cause of feminists and homosexuals.
Ø Pro-environmentalism - Defending
“Mother Earth,” postmodernists blame Western society for its destruction.
Post-modernism and Modernism
Ø Postmodernism was a reaction against
modernism. Modernism was generally based on idealism and a utopian vision of
human life and society and a belief in progress.
Ø It assumed that certain ultimate universal
principles or truths such as those formulated by religion or science could be
used to understand or explain reality.
Ø Modernist artists experimented with form,
technique and processes rather than focusing on subjects, believing they could
find a way of purely reflecting the modern world.
Ø While modernism was based on idealism
and reason, postmodernism was born of scepticism and a suspicion of reason.
Ø It challenged the notion that there
are universal certainties or truths.
Ø Postmodern art drew on philosophy of
the mid to late twentieth century, and advocated that individual experience and
interpretation of our experience was more concrete than abstract principles.
Ø While the modernists championed
clarity and simplicity; postmodernism embraced complex and often contradictory
layers of meaning.
Postmodernism – Right and Wrong?
Postmodernists do not attempt to refine their thoughts about
what is right or wrong, true or false, good or evil. They believe that there
isn’t such a thing as absolute truth. Postmodernist views the world outside of
themselves as being in error, that is, other people’s truth becomes
indistinguishable from error. Therefore, no one has the authority to define
truth or impose upon others his idea of moral right and wrong.
Their self-rationalization of the universe and world around
them pits themselves against divine revelation versus moral relativism. Many
choose to believe in naturalism and evolution rather than God and creationism.
Postmodern art:-
Ø Postmodern art was late 20th century movement.
It opposed the modernist preoccupation with purity of from and technique.
Ø Postmodernism is a body of art
movements that sought to contradict some aspects of modernism or some aspects
that emerged or developed in its aftermath.
Ø Postmodern
artists such as assemblage artist Robert Rauschenberg and sculptor Claes
Oldenburg take a more skeptical view of artistic purity and seriousness.
Ø Modernist
artists typically identify with the idea of "art for art's sake",
value the individuality of the artist, and believe in technological and
artistic progress. Art critic Clement Greenberg embodies this position in his
claim that the goal of each art is to reveal the inherent properties of its
medium.
Ø Postmodernists
opened art to a wide variety of influences and sources of material from various
places and time periods, also frequently seeking to identify and diminish
hierarchies in the art world and society, such as in the Appropriationist works
of Sherry Levine, or the political art of Barbara Kruger or Judy Chicago.
Difference between
Modern Art and Postmodern Art
1) Modern art believed in the theory of going deep into the
subject. On the other hand. Postmodern art does not believe in the theory of
going deep into the subject.
2) In modern art, you will see actual paintings. In
postmodern art, you will see that creations include not only painting but
sometimes texts. This is something you do not see in modern art.
3) Modern art believes in the individual, postmodern art
believes that social context matters.
Subculture, popular
culture and postmodernism:-
Ø The arrival of rock music, MTV, films
such as Ridley scott's Blade Runner have created a whole postmodern popular
culture.
Ø A good example of a postmodern art
from that exhibits several of the concepts and themes discussed above is
cyberpunk.
Ø Postmodernism in cultural studies
celebrates the fragmented, the plural, the contingent and the local while
rejecting universals and totalities. It sees representation as an end in itself
calls into question the nation of TRUTH behind signs/words/images and collapses
the distinction between original and copy.
Jean-francois Lyotard
and the postmodern condition:-
Ø Lyotard introduced the term
postmodernism which was previously only used by art critics, into philosophy
and social sciences.
Ø Jean-Francois characterize the
postmodern as a disbelife in and resistance to metanrratives.
Ø Postmodernism acknowledges that all
knowledge is fragmentary, partial and incomplete.
Ø He argues that stability is
maintained through grand narratives or master narratives, stories a culture
tells itself about its practices and beliefs in order to keep going.
Jane Baudrillard and the Hyperreal:
Ø Baudrillard's central argumen is that
in the age of perfect reproduction and andless repetition of images, the
distinction between the real and the illusory, between original and copy,
between superficiality and depth.
Ø For Baudrilladr,the postmodern is
characterize by the hyoerreal and also by the collapse of distinction between
the private and the public
Ø For him postmodernism marks a culture
composed if disparate fragmentary experiences and images that constantly
bombard the individual in music, video, television, advertising and other forms
of electronic media.
Ø Postmodernism thus reflect both the
energy and diversity of contemporary life as well as its frequent lack of
coherence and depth.
Paul Virilio and Hypermodernism:-
Ø Virile argues that the histories of
socio-political institutions such the military or even cultural movements demonstrate
the need for speed rather than commerce.
Ø He argues that higher soeeds belong
to the upper reaches so society and the slower ones to the bottom.
He suggests that hypermodern vision
and the hypomodern city are both products of military power and time based cinematic
technologies of disappearance.
Conclusion:-
Ø We can see that postmodernism has
given us many idead which are important.
Ø Postmodernism rejects any totality-of
knowledge, ideology or philosophy.
Ø Postmodernism demonstrates that when
we try & reproduce objects as a percevible shape, it appears sadly lacking
to us.
Ø It believes in the contingency of
values and the very local nature of truth.
Ø It is present only in its absence;
knowable only through its unrepresentability.
Ø Postmodernism art and culture
deliberately evoke older forms to parody and subvert the hierarchy so mass
culture.
Ø Baudrillard also values the
postmodern principle of non-representation.
Ø It belives that with the adent of
more technology and media, our lives are under constant surveillance.
